Note: Single-source report; awaiting corroboration.
Mountain and trail running is a form of endurance running where athletes compete on set courses across various natural terrains, such as sand, dirt, forest paths, and snow trails, often in mountainous, forested, plain, or desert environments. There is significant overlap between mountain and trail races. Most of the course is off-road, but paved sections are allowed if they do not exceed 25% of the total distance, mainly to connect trails. Courses must be clearly marked, so navigation skills or special mountaineering equipment are not needed. Use of hiking poles is permitted at the organizer's discretion, especially for longer events, and organizers may require mandatory equipment like clothing, headlamps, water, and food depending on conditions. Participant and official safety is a priority, considering altitude, weather, and available infrastructure. Courses are designed to highlight and respect the natural environment of the host location.
Competitive events are held over defined distances with specific elevation gains and estimated winning times. Long trail races cover 75–85 km with elevation gains of 3,500–6,000 meters, aiming for winning times of about 7 hours 45 minutes to 8 hours 15 minutes. Short trail events span 35–45 km with 2,000–3,000 meters elevation gain and expected winning times near 3 hours 45 minutes to 4 hours 15 minutes. Senior classic races, featuring up-and-down routes, are 12–15 km with 600–900 meters gain and target winning times of 55–60 minutes. Junior classic races cover 5–7 km with 300–450 meters elevation gain and aim for 25–30 minute winning times. Senior uphill races are 4–7 km with 700–1,000 meters of elevation gain on average inclines above 10%, with target winning times of 40–50 minutes.